Stephen Hawking An Enigma Himself - 1848 Words

Stephen Hawking: An Enigma Himself Explains the Enigmatic Universe. Today as Stephen Hawking is 72 years young, â€Å"Hawking s work on black holes and the origins of the universe guarantees him a place in the scientific pantheon, but his ability to pursue scientific work despite the ravages of ALS (Lou Gehrig s disease) have earned him superstar status.†(Kirkus,1) This gives us an insight into Hawking s identity as of the very motivated nature of Hawking and how he never quits at the sight of adversity. Weather in the face of a dangerous disease or difficult deduction. Hawking always finds the drive to keep going, which seldom other people possess. Hawking’s dilemma to start working on a 5 year Doctorate degree when he was diagnosed with only have 2 years to live is a mark of his true dedication to his first love science. However like all individuals, Hawking’s identity was not just a result of a single moment it was created for a life time of experiences and challenges. Frank and Isobel Hawking were blessed with their first bor n Hawking on 8th January 1942. As if destiny had a magical hand in shaping events, this coincided with the 300th death anniversary of Galileo Galilei. Galilei an Italian mathematician, physicist, astronomer has been called the father of modern ‘observational astronomy’ the father of modern physics and the father of modern science.(Weidhorn 155) Hawking has always been very proud of his birth date. Even as a young boy Hawking saw himself as anShow MoreRelated Reconciling Religious and Scientific Perspectives of Creation7359 Words   |  30 PagesAre we to agree with Robert Jastrow when he says, â€Å"For the scientist who has lived by his faith in the power of reason, the story ends like a bad dream. He has scaled the mountains of ignorance, he is about to conquer the highest peak: as he pulls himself over the final rock, he is greeted by a band of theologians who have been sitting there for centuries.†[v] Though Jastrow treats the issue as settled and declares that scientists have finally been â€Å"defeated,† it is too early to reach any judgementsRead MoreEssay on A Century of Physics3573 Words   |  15 Pagescolleagues ignored these wild and unsupported claims, but Einstein, who had a reliable intuition about physics, wrote I believe it is the first feeble ray of light on this worst of our physics enigmas. Einstein turned out to be right de Brogile had discovered the secret of matter. But as de Brogile himself admitted in his thesis, unless experimental proof could be found, his theory would remain useless speculation. The roaring twenties were a boisterous era of prosperity, fast cars, jazz,

Personal Statement Travel And Leisure Essay - 1247 Words

Magazines and websites only have one intention in mind: They want to be sold. One website, in particular, accomplishes this quite easily with some well managed verbal and visual organization. Travel and Leisure is a beautifully constructed, aesthetically pleasing online magazine. It offers articles, images, news, and services to those interested in more than simply their own backyard. In addition, the website gives the viewers a taste of the brand through alluring images as soon as you arrive at the homepage. The online magazine specifically caters to adventurous, frugal individuals with a hunger to explore the globe in all types of ways and manners. The online magazine, Travel and Leisure, has a simple visual design that spikes the viewers’ interests and allows them to explore with freedom. The background is nothing but a blank white face, allowing other things such as bold images and their titles to emerge out of the screen before your very eyes. The article captions are also white within the cover photo to keep the simple look. This allows the pictures to remain as the clear website centerpiece. When one scrolls through the homepage or other articles the heading is the only thing that remains. This holds links to the website’s social media pages and virtual subscription connections for the reader. There are also highlights in blue that link to other previously written content on the website. This keeps readers locked into finding out more within their website.Show MoreRelatedThe Airline Industry1093 Words   |  5 PagesAccording to ATAG, â€Å"in 2013, over three billion passengers were carried by the world’s airlines† (Facts Figures, 2014). This fact demonstrates how the airline industry is a ubiquitous part of our lives. Even if a person has never used an airline for personal transportation, they are still likely to have consumed and/or used an assortment of goods transported by the industry. Still, even with its maj or impact on the world around it, inside the airline industry, firms must learn to encounter a wide arrayRead MoreForecasting Methods Compare and Contrast1244 Words   |  5 PagesForecast in a simple terms is a prediction thru a statement or claim that a particular event will occur in the future. It looks like to me that almost the majority of the people, including children, once in their life time were a forecasters, as sometimes in their past they?ve tried to predict any future event. This act of making such prediction is therefore, called forecasting. Forecasts are never finished, they are needed continuously and as the time passes, their accuracy and their impact on actualRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement And Its Impact On Gender Discrimination Essay1068 Words   |  5 Pagesanymore because she is not able to see the right side. In addition, the dictionary defines leisure as â€Å"freedom from time consuming duties, responsibilities, or activities.† It is not surprising that people have more leisure time once they retire. On an average day, for example, adults age 75 and over spent 7.8 hours on leisure and sports activities more than any other age group. This came to almost double the leisure time spent by 35 to 44 years olds (4.3 hours) less than other age groups (American TimeRead MoreVirgin Australia Case Study1799 Words   |  8 Pagesthat has resulted in Virgin Australia’s introduction of different classes of travel? Originally a one-class service, with the introduction of Jetstar in 2004 and Tiger Airways Australia in 2007, Virgin Blue was forced to re-think its original market offering of cheap, no-frills air travel, aimed predominantly at the leisure market. Tiger and Jetstar were undercutting their prices and making a large dent in the leisure market,. As a result, Virgin Blue introduced a premium economy cabin classRead MoreMarketing Strategies Of Southwest Airlines920 Words   |  4 Pagesthe last 41 years (Southwest, 2013). The company’s mission statement is clear. It reads, â€Å"The mission of Southwest Airlines is dedication to the highest quality of Customer Service delivered with a sense of warmth, friendliness, individual pride, and Company Spirit† (Southwest, 1988). The company’s purpose is just as clear and states, â€Å"To connect People to what s important in their lives through friendly, reliable, and low-cost air travel† (Southwest, 2013). The air line embodies these philosophiesRead MoreThe Mission Of Southwest Airlines1349 Words   |  6 Pagesindividual pride, and Company Spirit.† They value their employees, their communities, their planet, and their stakeholders. The following mission statements are dedicated to employees, the community, the planet, and stakeholders. To Our Employees We are committed to provide our Employees a stable work environment with equal opportunity for learning and personal growth. Creativity and innovation are encouraged for improving the effectiveness of Southwest Airlines. Above all, Employees will be providedRead MoreEasygroup Case Study1746 Words   |  7 Pagesthe largest single shareholder. The easy brand currently operates more than a dozen industries mainly in travel, leisure, telecoms and personal finance. The easyGroup profits by either selling shares in the businesses or by licensing or franchising the brand to reputable partners. The easy brand currently operates more than a dozen industries mainly in travel, leisure, telecoms and personal finance. Business activities: easyJet.com easyInternetcafà © easyCar.com easyValue.com easyMoney.com easyCinemaRead MoreSwot Analysis Of Princess Cruise1309 Words   |  6 Pagesaround water sports at the beaches. Oceania Cruises: Adventure Oceania has a Fleet of 7 ships Oceania Cruises Passenger Profile: The demographic is one that is appealing to a more sophisticated traveler in search of world-class cuisines. With personal service to go along with the luxurious onboard ambiance and enriching destination experiences. Oceania Cruises Onboard Activities and Entertainment: Hands-on cooking school at sea, chefs from around the world lead class to fine tune skill with dishRead MoreExecutive Summary : American Airlines2018 Words   |  9 Pagesfrequent flyers to encourage them to travel more with American than their current choose airline. Airlines represents a $783 billion a year industry (Fact Sheet: Industry Statistics, 2014). Being able to expand the market to the high-end segment would create an attraction to a unique service not offered by other major US airlines. Break even cost would be the first year goal while there would be an increase in cost to retrofit aircraft. Positioning Statement To excusive level travelers who areRead MoreCase Study : Virgin Atlantic Airways1538 Words   |  7 Pageshad on the airlines. According to Virgin’s website â€Å"Our mission statement is simple, yet the foundation of everything we do here at Virgin Atlantic Airways...to embrace the human spirit and let it fly† (Virgin, n.d.). They state as their strategy â€Å"Our objective is to fly a profitable airline that people love to fly and where people love to work. Our focus is on further improving customer services for our business and leisure travelers, as well as setting new standards for the rest of the industry

Macro Economics Aggregate Demand and Supply

Question: Discuss about the Macro Economics for Aggregate Demand and Supply. Answer: 1. Effects of aggregate demand and supply on Imposition of carbon taxes on big companies will reduce both the aggregate demand and the aggregate supply. It will shift the market equilibrium due to higher prices due to increase in taxes and lower quantity due to the same. Incidence of tax which means shared tax burden will be more on the producers than the consumers(Farmer, 2007). This is because the producers have a more inelastic curve as they are the producers. The demand curve of the consumers is elastic and he bears less cost if tax is imposed. Tax increase (t) After increase in taxes the supply shifts its position to the left. The tax burden is shifted to the consumer who has to pay more due to price increase. The Australian dollar may appreciate due to the following reasons; a) when the exports are more expensive than imports hence higher prices, when the reverse is true and imports are cheaper and Australia imports more quantity, lower (X-M) causing a slow economic growth and lastly low inflationary rates(Michaillat Saez, 2013). Currency appreciation leads to improved living standards, low inflation rates and competitive prices of goods in the economy. The Chinese economy falls into recession When economic growth falls for consecutive economic quarters recession occurs. Recession causes increase in unemployment due to sparing economic growth. A fall in demand aggregate causes a corresponding fall in real GDP according to Keynesian theory(Farmer, 2007). Effect of GDP is affected by the slope of supply curve when the economy is acting in full capacity. A lower demand will lead to a corresponding lower real GDP. Causes in recession are, cost push inflation resulting in disposable income reduction, falling prices and lack of confidence in the economy. Source; https://www.tutor2u.net/economics/reference/ C+I+G+X-M could lead to recession. This is demand aggregated. The multiplier effect in the fall of aggregate demand is due to fiscal policy deflationary. The aggregate demand is the total spending of services and goods by consumers, the government and the general population and overseas firms. Aggregate demand= consumption + capital investment+ government spending+( exports imports) The measure of net exports is done by calculating the total value of exports less the total value of imports. A change in prices affecting both exports and imports causes a corresponding shift in aggregate demand curve. Shift in aggregate demand The will be a deficit in net import will cause a shift in aggregate demand as the prices of exports will be lower than the prices of imports. 2. When the businesses are not expanding , it means that there is no economic growth. Assuming that the economy is at a natural level of real GDP, hence aggregate demand will increase because there is no full employment of the input resources. Thus, demand aggregate shifts rightwards from D1 to D2. Corresponding increase in the equilibrium prices of goods from P1 right to P2 and a corresponding increase in real gdp from Y1 right to Y2(Heinrichs, 2007). When the value of supper annotation nest egg decreases due to stock fluctuation, the consumer will have some money left to spend. The increase in disposable income will lead to increase in demand for goods which will further push AD curve to the right. This further pushes the equilibrium price upwards and also shifting the real GDP to the right. 3. Australia economic indicators in 2015 Inflation rate 7% Unemployment rate 6.1% Current account deficit/GDP (%)= -4.7% Australian dollar /US dollar 0.75 Budget deficit/ GDP %= -2.3% Total debt/GDP%= 36.8% 4. The public budget balance of a country is equal to the difference between income and expenditure of public administrations. When expenses exceed income it is said that no public deficit, which is usually expressed as a percentage of GDP to facilitate international comparisons and over time. Australia structural deficit problem started when it started borrowing heavily to finance its public expenditure. The heavy borrowing was to be used as an instrument of economic policy especially after adverse business cycles in the country. However, it is also necessary to note that when the government of a country in deficit, should issue public debt to finance it. Therefore, maintaining a permanent form of a high public deficit could itself lead to an unsustainable situation of public finances (explosive growth of debt / GDP ratio) would require a correction of fiscal policy(Hunnicutt, 2010). Another problem often mentioned when considering the existence of public deficit in a country is the possibility that an effect occurs expulsion from the private sector: the expansion of the public sector could be at the expense of a lower weight of the private sector, but would increase GDP actually(Macro Economics, 2006). But this effect will be really significant the closer the economy of their level of potential output are and, therefore, is greater the degree of utilization of productive factors.the Government should continue working to reduce the structural deficit and keep public debt in check. External debt frequently occurs through organizations like the International Monetary Fund or the World Bank. If the debtor has trouble paying it, it can pose a serious problem for the economic development of a country, and even for its autonomy. Principally, indebtedness is somehow good, it preserves resources while receiving resources externally for exploits of the process. However it becomes problematic when debt is not really used to what was intended for or refund conditions harden. There are detrimental factors to countries that have borrowed heavily such as Australia. First, interest rates rise which precipitated the debt crisis in past years, became popular (by inevitable) the requisition of new loans to cope the pay of unplayable debts, the result from the catastrophe economic of the last 10 years and the debt multiplication. Secondly The U.S dollar was strongly valued. Structural adjustment plans were also initiated, Consequences of huge government deficits Some repercussions of the great indebts of a single country can be:lack of ability to obtain new loans when necessary. harsh conditions imposition by creditors, rising inflation growth, making it very difficult to repay the loan. Also, the development in economic measures of the country will be prohibited by debt, entering a spiral of endless impoverishment. A country's Mismanagement in internal fiscal policies leading to economic crisis. 5. I dont foresee any economic threat for Australia this is because Australia is the only country OECD that wasnt affected by recession during the financial crisis. The Australian economy experienced 25 years of consecutive growth. The growth was 2.4% in 2015, falling slightly compared to 2014. The Australian dollar fell in 2015, and the falling prices of coal and iron ore weighed heavily on exports. This trend should be similar in 2016. The slowdown is further explained by lower Chinese demand for exports(Prasch, 2008). The mining industry accounts for 20% of GDP, but faces decline in investments. Advantages of Australia is that it has: a massive export given by agricultural produce, strong internal domestic demands and a strong financial industry. In September 2015, Malcolm Turnbull took over as prime minister. His predecessor, Tony Abbott, suffered more than the economic slowdown, and the public deficit increased during his tenure. Malcolm Turnbull wants to implement a policy of economic recovery, investing in training and infrastructure.. To revive the economy, the Central Bank lowered its key rate to 2% in May 2015, It is corresponding to a historically low level. This initiative supported the expense of Australian households, which are nevertheless particularly indebted. Australian economic situation remains enviable: the country's publicfinancial debt contribute to amongthe lowest in OECD . Thegovtaimstoincreasethe competitiveness of the country ,particularlywhen compared withtherivalryfrom countries from the asian blockwith regards toexports , and totacklethe challenges of an elderly citizenryand alsoissues of climate( droughts , floods ) . To stimulate theoverall economic growth, Australia shouldimproveits integration i n trade withAsian countries. In 2014 november , a free trade agreement was signed with China , itsmost significanttrading partner was signed(Scheer Vogelbusch, n.d.) . This approachdemandsAustralia tocautiouslymanage its relations with itstraditionalpartners : Japanalong with theUnited States . Since 2014 , Australia entered the fight against terrorism in the Middle East , and the country has deployed attacks in Syria in 2015.Finally, the severity of Australian immigration policy is criticized because the country is accused of systematically rejecting the ships with illegal immigrants. Australia prides itself with it economic prosperity: its has among the highest per capita in terms of GDP and is among the highest in the world. The unemployment rate was 6.2% in 2015, slightly higher that is due to the cooling of the inversions in the mining sector. Moreover, the government approved a carbon tax in 2014, considering that Australia is one of the most polluting countries. Faced with international pressure, then Australia is committed to developing the nuclear sector to reduce its emissions of greenhouse gases. However, the first statements of the new prime minister did not indicate that ecology becomes part of its policy priorities. However, it seems like the country has put its house in order and will not be expecting a recession any time soon. References Beetsma, R. (2004).Monetary policy, fiscal policies, and labour markets. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Dufty-Jones, R., Connell, J., Argent, N.Rural change in Australia. Farmer, R. (2007).Aggregate demand and supply. Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research. Heinrichs, A. (2007).Australia. New York: Children's Press. Hunnicutt, S. (2010).The federal budget deficit. Detroit, MI: Greenhaven Press. King, J. (2003).The Elgar companion to post Keynesian economics. Cheltenham, UK: E. Elgar Pub. Macro Economics. (2006). Michaillat, P. Saez, E. (2013).A theory of aggregate supply and aggregate demand as functions of market tightness with prices as parameters. Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research. Monetary, credit, and fiscal policies. (1950). Washington. Patel, K. Schweitzer, H.The historical foundations of EU competition law. Prasch, R. (2008).How markets work. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. Scheer, C. Vogelbusch, F.Fiscal policies. [S.l.]: [s.n.].

A well spent life brings a happy death Essay Example For Students

A well spent life brings a happy death Essay Through rills, hills, ups and downs. Through laughter, smiles, tears and frowns. Day after day, you have survived, Day after day, you continue to strive. The stress was evident through every day, But you managed to conquer it in every way. A year goes by, and youre about to go. Goodbye to us, and to the world HELLO. You only live once, so live it right. Try and work hard with all your might. The 3 ingredients for the perfect life, Are that you learn, earn and work day and night. Live a fully, fulfilling and satisfactory day, Dont let any imbecile get in your way. Reach for the stars, reach for the moon, Live as if your life is ending soon. Youve got to strive to do your utmost best, And at the end of the day, you can peacefully rest. A farmer spends hours to sow and reap, His hard and well-spent day brings a happy sleep. The ups and downs are just another factor, Just live through life as your own kind of character. Dont let harsh words ever change your style, And if anything ever happens triple 7 is the number to dial. Just smile at anything that may weigh you down, And never let anything make you frown. Life is a dream just fantasize through it all, Do just as I say and you shall never fall. Live life to the fullest with every breath, for a well spent life brings a happy death.

What effect does smart phone overuse have on peopl Essays

What effect does smart phone overuse have on people? As generations proceed to advance, we find new discoveries to help our regular lives. However, those discoveries are only beneficial until we, human beings, find a way to abuse its benefits and be negatively affected. Smart Phone is one of those discoveries that was meant to help us. Unfortunately, people nowadays are too addicted to smart phones and getting effects by it. Although, invention of smart phone started positively, overuse of such technology is creating negative effects on people. First negative effect of smart phone is the excessive stress to eyes. Human eyes are not meant to stationary stare at an object for a long time, but addicted smart phone users look at their screen for more than an hour. Many people nowadays start their day by turning on the smart phone and also end the day by it. Looking at such a small and close -range object creates immersive amount of stress to eyes, which is the leading cause of teenagers with glasses. Apart from bad effect to eyes, phones also cause dangerous environment(dangerous accidents) to the society. People are too concentrated to their smart phone sometimes that they cross a road without even watching out for cars. One of the leading cause of pedestrian-car accident comes from people with smartphone on their hands. Some countries even made a embedded traffic light on ground so that addicted smart phone users can see the green light without looking away from their screen. Third effect of overuse of smartphone is the relational issues. People addicted to smart phone are usually excluded and isolate from a group. This causes smartphone users to lose their sense of interpersonal communication skills. In conclusion, discoveries are meant to be used in right way. Overusing a certain technology, such as smartphone, can have negative effects to people by health issues, problem with communication, problem to the society. Thus, we need learn and discipline ourselves to use such technology efficiently, not adversely. As generations proceed to advance, we find new discoveries to help our regular lives. However, those discoveries are only beneficial until we, human beings, find a way to abuse its benefits and be negatively affected. Smart Phone is one of those discoveries that was meant to help us. Unfortunately, people nowadays are too addicted to smartphones and getting effects by it. Although invention of the smart phone started positively, overuse of such technology is creating negative effects on people. First negative effect of the smartphone is the excessive stress to eyes. Human eyes are not meant to stationary stare at an object for a long time, but addicted smartphone users look at their screen for more than an hour. Many people nowadays start their day by turning on the smartphone and also end the day with it. Looking at such a small and close -range object creates an immersive amount of stress to eyes, which is the leading cause of teenagers with glasses. Apart from bad effect to eyes, phones also cause dangerous environment (dangerous accidents) to the society. People are too concentrated to their smartphone sometimes that they cross a road without even watching out for cars. One of the leading cause of pedestrian-car accident comes from people with a smartphone on their hands. Some countries even made an embedded traffic light on the ground so that addicted smartphone users can see the green light without looking away from their screen. Third effect of overuse of smartphone is the relational issues. People addicted to the smartphone are usually excluded and isolated from a group. This causes smartphone users to lose their sense of interpersonal communication skills. In conclusion, discoveries are meant to be used in right way. Overusing a certain technology, such as a smartphone, can have negative effects to people by health issues, a problem with communication, a problem to the society. Thus, we need to learn and discipline ourselves to use such technology efficiently, not adversely.

Soliders without swards essays

Soliders without swards essays In the world of the white newspapers nothing was occurring in the black mens world, they were not getting married or having events occuring. But in black newspapers all of these things were occring, black people did get married and social events did occur. New York was 15% black in 1826, but of that fifteen percent 15 could vote. When the main strem press would write about blacks , at that time they had no way to respone. They were silent until the Freedmens Journal. This paper was run Mr. Russworm and Mr. Cornish , but unfortunitly this paper only ran for two years. Though after this paper there would be 24 papers after this paper but pre Civil War. Of these papers the North Star was the most influential paper. These papers pulled together the African American community. After the turn of the century there were 500 black newspapers. Most of these 500 only lasted a short time. When reconstruction ended the newspapers had to be very carefull of what they say. At this time Ida B Wells went to the south to investagte lynchings. Her newspaper was attached by a lynch mob and burned. In 1893 the Columbian expo opened in Chicago. The purpose of this fair was to show the united states to the world, but no black expos. They decided to give American blacks one day at the expo , called Coloerd American Day. Fredrick Douglas said no negro problem Robert S. Abbott believed American could become what America promised. He always said stand up for our peace. In 1910 there were 275 black newspapers in print with over 500,000 readers. ...

Fieldwork Skills and Supervision Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Fieldwork Skills and Supervision - Essay Example One particular area of emphasis in these sessions is the use of touching, which builds an additional effective level of connection between therapist and patient (Popa M and Best P, 2010). The therapist and I would use massage to warm up the clients’ backs and other muscles. This posed challenges at times because some of the patients would refuse physical contact. In the beginning, I had difficulty with touching all of the clients, but it became easier over time as I developed more confidence. The afternoon session followed a similar schedule.My role in this session was that of a trainee dance movement psychotherapist. In general, the main goal of these sessions was to develop consistency as a group, so that participants would feel a sense of trust and belonging as part of a team (Burns CA, 2012). This gives patients the chance to improve their social skills in expression, communication and forming relationships. Another area of need is improving and expanding the range of moti on available to each patient. Obviously, attendance is very important for patients to show development over time. Also, ensuring that each session has a clear structure from beginning to end maximizes the efficient use of each patient’s time, particularly using the beginning and the end to help patients understand and realize their own areas of improvement (Burns CA, 2012). The patients build trust through having fun and feeling safe when it comes to expressing feelings and needs (Barton EJ, 2011).

According to Ghaye (2001) there is a growing body of knowledge which Essay

According to Ghaye (2001) there is a growing body of knowledge which suggests that reflective practice has the potential to transform who we are and we do. Dis - Essay Example This model purports that the first phase of reflection is awareness. This may be triggered by either disturbing or positive thoughts or feelings about a situation or event – which in this case is the critical incident. During the second phase of reflection, the person undertakes a critical analysis of what transpired. He draws upon his significant knowledge and experiences, and on the application of novel knowledge. Such realizations, in the form of new knowledge, are the expected output of the analysis. This entails critical thinking and self-assessment – this comes with increasing awareness about the self (Scanlon & Chernomas, 1997). The last stage is the development of a novel approach in accordance with one’s critical analysis and the implementation of novel knowledge onto the context or situation for which one has undergone the reflection. The new approach that one intends to adopt may be characterized by cognitive, attitudinal and behavioural modifications. A logical expectation would be adaptive when one considers that the person increases in his effectiveness both as a person and as a team member. Apparently, learning has transpired. In effect, this perspective of reflective learning suits a handful of theoretical models. These include that of Schon (1987) which advocates the reflective practitioner and â€Å"knowing-in-action† framework. Reflective learning journals are significant tools in translating theory into viable action, that is, praxis. Reflective learning journals have been utilized for quite some time now, specifically in the nursing and teacher education disciplines, to improve individual learning effectiveness, encompassing critical and creative thinking (Kobert, 1995; McCrindle & Christensen, 1995; Meyers & Jones, 1993). In an early application, Hahnemann (1986) had nursing undergraduates spend 10-15 minutes in class time doing their journal entries over the semester. She reported

LANDSCAPE REHABILITATION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

LANDSCAPE REHABILITATION - Essay Example Currently, the area is filled with water and disused from the excavations and the pits. The pits on the site have served as a dumping area for wastes for many decades and would require restoration. The restoration of the site will include removal of the excess water in the pits, filling the pits and planting appropriate plant species to improve the soil stability. The Strategic Context The Formulated Objectives i. To provide of an expert report on the means to rehabilitate Blackpool working area. The plan would provide procedures to realize a full reclamation and maintenance of the region. ii. To explain and the principles behind each technique employed in the process to foster understanding amongst the planets. The explanations would advise on the appropriate criterion by identifying the merits and demerits of each criterion and need for its implementation (Liddle, 1997). iii. To utilize the conventional models of reclamation on degenerated environments. http://www.mindat.org/gphoto s/0357418001078092838.jpg Setting of the Site The Plan Layout Retrieved on April 24th 2012 http://www.epd.gov.hk/eia/register/report/eiareport/eia_0552001/report/vol1/vo_1.htm Site Plan and Design Design Considerations The Landscape Plan Goals To provide a strategic context for the plan would require the inclusion of created and approved objectives. The planners must also consider the incorporation of the local community in the selection of the site to use and the necessary facilities. To provide the feasibility framework for the rehabilitation will demand a plan for the site layout and the approved locations for landscaping, the phases of work and the procedures. The wildlife considerations will target the increment of the plants’ species diversification. The variation will additionally increase the number of the native animals’ populace that the Blackpool mining site can tolerate. Eventually, the other concern worth incorporation is the preference of the users. This consideration will define the entry point of the site and the order of entry and an arbor structure will be located at the entrance (Heywood & Carver, 2006). The Physical Reclamation Design This plan targets the creation of a conducive environment for the public into the Blackpool and creates a woodland feel within the urban setup. Plants should be located and accumulated to direct views and provide avenues in the space between the rehabilitated site and the Clay Works. The plants should be installed in natural arrangements. The plan should avert straightforward rows or formal procedures of planting trees. Limited groupings of similar plant species should offer the reigning pattern (Hawke & Jose, 1995).The planners have to consider reason for rehabilitation to provide a tentative guideline. The need for rehabilitation should direct the rehabilitating team on the areas to emphasize on with respect to the objectives. The availability of resources has to be addressed and considered as one of the critical facets for the success of the rehabilitation process. There has to be adequate finances to fund the process by hiring or purchasing the heavy machinery and tools together with the plant operators employed. The personnel involved in the rehabilitation process have to be competent and conversant with the geological and environmental issues. The ownership of the land is essential for consideration because the ownership

Operation management and service analysis

Operation management and service analysis 1. Task 1 1.a Introduction The Waterlander hotel is a part of major international hotel chain world-wide. The hotel was running but was without satisfactory results. Customers did not seem to be satisfied with their services. It was the day when one corporate customer seriously had a problem and was noticed by the senior management. Everyone was blaming each others fault. It was Plastix International Plc, who asked for the service at Waterlander hotel but could not express exactly what they wanted and they were dissatisfied by the service of the hotel. It actually wasnt the satisfaction level that Plastix International expected but unfortunately that they did not meet. The line managers who were not internally satisfied with the hotel system couldnt give the highest level of satisfaction. Hence total quality management was the only medium for customers to get satisfied and then only they would meet their satisfaction level. Total quality management refers to all operations related from lower level workers till managers like operation management, gap analysis, time management. Total Quality Analysis would be extremely useful for this situation for an organisation like Waterlander hotel. Here in the case study of the Waterlander hotel shows different time gap, information gap and deficiency in operation management. Mainly we see few internal characters of hotel as general manager, line managers, conference managers, head chefs and headwaiters and external were electrician, vice president of global marketing, Plastix International Plc and the photographer. There was no proper information flow from one person to another, which was the main cause of the whole disaster. Every one seemed to be upset due to problems in flow of information. The vice president of Global marketing, Plastix International Plc was mostly upset due to the poor quality service and told that he would not pay excessive charger for that banquet and wanted a written apology for the upset caused by the service they received. The manager of Aalsmeer electronics was upset since they were asked to set up by 7 PM and so they started to do their jobs at 4.30 PM but they were forced to wait for the hotel staffs to clear them for it. Hotel service managers got upset since they were not informed about the colours of flowers that client ordered which were red and yellow. The red would not look good against the dining room dÃÆ'Â ©cor. Suddenly electricians moved all the arrangements. When they got the needed flowers, electricians completely the rearranged themselves. The conference manager was upset since he was not told that the client wanted to use the video equipment, which was sent for maintenance. He did not have the checklist for the conference hall by the client. He could have hired one if he had known about the video equipment. Head chiefs got upset because he did all according to the detailed schedule he received from headwaiter. He made every thing on time but was not served when it was ready. Waiters were also badly behaved by the customers. The headwaiter the upset since they were not informed about the set-up that had to be done by electricians for loudspeaker and amplifiers. Those electricians told them to clear all the tables that were now ready to be used and which they had put everything right within half on hour. The photographer was upset since he was scheduled to come at 10 PM and they needed only for half an hour during the speeches. When he reached inside the conference hall, every thing was late and had to rush for another concert hall at 11 PM. He would have arranged another guy to take photographs if he were informed to start the program late. So here we see every person is blaming each other. This would have been better if the flow of information was correctly done. 1.b Operation management in Hotel Waterlander: The operation management refers to the framework for understanding operations management and its organisation and manager context .the nature of operations may be goods or services. According to Samuel K M Ho Operations and Quality management, Operation Management can be defined as the deployment of effective and efficient methods for the reaction and delivery of goods and or services to satisfy the needs of the customers. Without an effective and efficient operation functions, no organisation can hope to stay in business. Since it will fail on the key dimensions of competition quality, speed or price. Here in the case of Hotel Wanderlander, every where there is operations management. In the kitchen chefs convert raw foods into meals, waiting staffs provide meals to customers. Process in operation management Heart The transformation process. The customer gets the final output and they are the only way to evaluate the quality of service. There exist different operations inside an organisation for a service to be delivered. So for the proper management operation, the proper flow of information is needed, According to the above figure A, customers are attracted using different business competitive strategies. Customer has the right to choose an efficient and cheap service available in the market. There must be a proper planning and control of resources inside the organisation. As we see inside the Waterlander Hotel, every where are disturbances in the flow of information among service providers. The general Manager of the hotel was supposed to transfer the information to the right person in the right time, but he seems to be not doing his job properly. He was the only person to meet with customers to know what they really wanted in their services. The transformation process is greatly effected by the transforming resources either they are staffs or material. It they are not unsatisfied with their management, the quality services can be poor which reflect to the bad operation management. When those transformed resources of staffs and materials are in sufficient enough, then the only flow of information and planning and control makes efficient service. The proper concept of improvements and design also effect the quality of service which are directed by the operational strategy of the organisation how they are processed to be served for the customers. 1.c Problems in Waterlander Hotel: There are different information gaps between every individual. Customer expects the highest level of expectation and is they dont get it, the level of satisfaction is lowered. This situation is the worst for any business firms to loose valuable customers and have to bear losses. An author sees lots of gaps in the case study of hotel Waterlander. It is mainly with the customer and the management, how the service performance is and how much skill was used to maintain the standards of quality. As a whole, gap is seen in every factor. A big gap can be seen between consumer Expectation and service performance when the customer dont meet the desired expectation., Service performance is wholly interrelated with service standards. Every service is categorised with some standards and is they do not has good standards then there exists a gap with service performance. If the manpower dont use their skill properly, then they cannot maintain their standards, which then create a gap between skill and standards. If the proper skills were used but there is not good management, there also exists a gap. The gap is also seen between standard of service and customer expectation while the consumer doesnt meet the level of satisfaction. The huge gap can be seen between customer expectation and the management. Expectations: Plastix Internal Expectations: They had a minimum expectation like others. They just expected red flowers on the table, dinner on time, no food on dresses, simple things, video equipment, photographer, lastly smooth performance. Service: There was no exclusive standard to be measured. It was informally agreed standards, which didnt work while working in a team. Finally the expectation were not relevant to customers satisfaction. Standards: The organisation seemed to under skill. There were too many issues with internal staffs and huge gap was seen with kitchen staffs and waiting staffs. Management: A huge was seen in between persons skill and management since a manager was not able to handle them properly. He was the only person who was responsible to flow the information to its juniors who work under him. 1.d Solutions: The problem with the Waterlander Hotel can be overcome by efficient training to its staffs and quality of service offered, to its customers otherwise it falls under its standards. The solution can be found with the four main key issues as * management and supervision * employee perception of specification and rules * customer needs and expectation * lack of technological support Management seemed to be irresponsible to the organisation and not supportive in quality behaviour and lack in quality specification. The problem in skills is the main issue and the attitude of the person who cannot adjust. Recommendations for Improvement: * Sort out the internal problem occurring inside the management. Till it wont be sorted tout then the same situation will definitely repeat again. * Consider the employee Reward System. It could be the encouraging point for a staffs to have some reward of they do best, which will let them to do better in every moments. * Arrange training to internal staffs of Hotel that aware the impact of performance * Improvement of the recruitment process so that highly skilled can be available who can perform better even without certain training. * The execution of the quality system specification of organization, to improve by training and internal marketing. 1.e Conclusion: Total Quality Management refers to a quality emphasis encompasses the entire organisation from the supplier to the customer (Heizer, Jay, Operations Management 1999). The only problem with the hotel was mis-communication. The hotel should stop depending on the inspections to find out the problems, and should think to improve quality and service. It is the fact that every organisation has different views on quality. It is also known fact that customers have their own attitude on quality rather than on organisation. However internal staffs may have different aspects and definition, which could harm on organisation a lot, which could lead to unsatisfactory service by an employee. Which could lead with customer dissatisfaction like what happened with Plastix International. 2. The Mystery Shop 2.a Introduction: The author tries to select the fast-food service in the UK like Starbucks, McDonalds, Burger King, Pret A Manger. When there are choices among the before stated names ten definitely a student would choose Starbucks because the principle customers are students itself. They have cafÃÆ'Â © society where they can use most of their time in reading. It is also need to replace alcoholic bars to non-alcoholic Starbucks society. Starbucks also have wifi zone, which attracts college students and businesspersons for research purpose and business meeting locations. Starbucks: Starbucks is the largest company in the world having more than 13,100 stores world-wide spreading over forty countries. The stores sells drip coffee, espresso drink, tea, blended drinks, coffee mugs and other coffee accessories. Starbucks has entertainment division selling books, music and film. Starbucks was founded in Seattle, Washington in 1971, since then Starbucks Company spent a minimal account on advertising to promote the brand concept. 2.b Service Analysis of Starbucks of Ealing Broadway An author was at the Starbucks Coffee Shop at Ealing Broadway on December 6th, 2009. He entered there at about 3 PM. There were three employees who were serving customers. An author now prepares questionnaires regarding the services and level of satisfaction to be received by their service. Did they give an author a value when he entered the shop? What was the first reaction while an author was entering Starbucks? How much does he need to wait in the queue to get the service? How many choices of items were there in the shop? How many staffs were there for the service? Were they smiling while serving? How was the taste? How long is the speed of Internet provided freely inside the shop? How long can we stay inside the shop? How was the toilet facility? Did they understand authors language? What did an author ordered? Did he find the product he ordered satisfactory? Was the content of espresso, steamed milk and a dollop of foam quite good enough to drink? What about the location of the shop? What about the price? Was it competitive of expensive? What were the advert strategies? Were they good at customer management? Were the staffs skilful so that they served quickly? What was the quantity of drink in the cup? How was the environment? How did an author saw the life in Starbucks? How did an author rate the standard of quality? Did an author find any scrap pieces around him? Where the tables and floor regularly cleaned? Did anybody ask how was the service? How did they behave while getting out, did they greet? The author tries to find out the answers of above listed questions. It was a Sunday at 3 PM so there ware 4 customers in front of an author while he was in the queue. It took around 5 minutes to get his turn to order for a cup of Cappuccino. There was a guy who was taking my order. He didnt even saw me well saying what do I want. Then an author replied with bid cup cappuccino. He seemed to be rude while talking and asked to wait for 30 seconds but he had to wait for around two minutes to get the drink. A beautiful lady was shouting Cappuccino. So an author hurriedly answered yeah it is mine. An author didnt find it so easy with how they treated with him. All the tables were almost packed and finally an author went to tall chair placed beside entrance door facing to the road. The cappuccino was very hot to drink but the contents of espresso and milk foam was very tasty but much little in quantity. There were one guy taking order but other was preparing drinks and serving and the other one was roaming around cleaning some tables and picking up some scraps around. Since the environment was quite good but the disturbance was allergic. The place was congested. It seem like they emphasis mostly in take away rather than come and eat strategy. An author could see some guys with their laptops doing their work. The WIFI facility of Starbucks could attract youths, which could be seen by an author. An author could see only youths ranging from 20-40 of ages but could not attract people older than that. This could be seen as a disadvantage of Starbucks. He could also see very little business class people and most of them seem to be college students. While an author was there for about half an hour, he could see the life in Starbucks tough as there were only three peop le working outside to serve customers. An author sees there was a need of one more staff that would be enough to serve customers easily without hassle. An author also saw some scrap pieces below his table. It showed that staffs were not responsible to work. An author visits a restroom and finds to be satisfactory but without handicapped accessibility also there was no baby changing station. An author then gets out of the Starbucks but there was no one to ask how was the drink neither greets saying, have a nice day. The drink was somewhat expensive as compared with the market price but the flavour was superb. 2.c Backgrounds and problems The main objective of Starbucks is to serve customers within three minutes has some how added customers a loyalty. Starbucks attracted mostly students who only wish to study. The problems, an author faced during the service. * No greetings while entering to Starbucks. * Had to wait for more than five minutes to order the drink, the timelines were beyond the expectation. * The guy at the reception looked rude enough to talk. * Service was not satisfactory but the drink was the best. * Staffs didnt look qualified since they acquired a bit long time in their service. * No one asked for any thing or after sales reaction, saying how was the drink. * Some scraps around showed that the staffs did not paid attention in the hygiene. * Could not attract people of older ages. * No accessibility for handicapped and no baby changing station. GAP Analysis: During the mystery shop analysis, an author finds few gaps, which could be filled up. GAP 1 is in between the customer expectation and the service performance which was seen while an author had to wait more time in the queue to get a cup of drink. If staffs were qualified enough, they would have served it very fast. GAP 2 is seen in between service performance and standards. While some scraps were found near an author, the level of standards did not meet the customer satisfaction. GAP 3 is seen in between standards and skill when Starbucks staffs served an author with very hot drink which was not drinkable, showed to the skills of staffs. GAP 4 is seen between manpower of skill and management. The manager could manage the staffs especially when the flow of customers were high, he have to think of extra one extra staff needed that could easily serve customers. If customers had to stay longer in queue then customers could find another coffee shops. GAP 5 is seen between customer expectation and standards when an author could not get the standard service as expected. GAP 6 is seen between customer expectation when the management could not serve its customer as they expect. An author had not expected expensive drink and had to wait for long for a service. 2.d Solution: The solution for the problem in Starbucks services analysis could be achieved using Marketing Mix of 7 Ps. Product: Cappuccino was very hot to drink while it was served to an author. Very hot to drink while served to an author. Espresso content was satisfactory but the quantity of foam of milk was little bit less. They also have other different varieties of coffees express cappuccino, beverages, and music. Place: Since Starbucks is near at Ealing Broadway station, it is centre for customers to visit. It is nice place and the surround is also pleasant. Though it is very near to the station, it has focused in take away coffee shop by congesting the place to sit and eat. It is seen that small and congested space inside Starbucks. Price: The price of the products in Starbucks is found to be expensive then that of other coffee shops. Though it is expensive but they have got varieties of coffee like express, cappuccino etc. The products bought by customers can achieve the value of price. Production: Starbucks is found to be the company with least advertisement in compare with its rivals like McDonalds, Pret A manager, Burger King. People: Starbucks staffs were not found to be so much skilled according to on author. Stuffs were very slow in serving for that reason, customers had to wait for long time to get service. Starbucks staffs were not very good at customer management as an author was going out from the coffee shop, there werent any response from the staffs. Process: The process at Starbucks was found to be simple. The staffs did not avoid customers. Physical Evidence: With the flow of customers inside Starbucks we can find that Starbucks lovers and in many. People still believes in Starbucks knowing it contains wide variety of coffees. The major customers were student rather then elderly people. Staff members were also very young and fresh faces. Since Starbucks has been a best place for student to start up their career, every individual seems to be students. Due to free WIFI, people find it luxurious to go and stay. 2.e The important of quality Standards: Quality Standards means for planning, designing, developing, implementing, maintaining and improving customers service quality and customer satisfaction issues are important as companion attempt to differentiate their services and complete effectively in the market place (Paracisuraman, Zenthaml and berry 1988, Brown and Schwartz 1980) According to the above statement it is clear that every companies should make a target to provide quality service by satisfying their customers. Total quality management is the only way to maintain service standards to the customers. Here total quantity management is combined the way of managing for the future and is for wider in its application then just assuring product or service quality .It is a way of managing people and business. Processes to ensure complete customer satisfaction at every stage, internally and externally. Total quality management is combined with effective leadership results an organisation doing the right things right, first time. Customer Supplier Interface: The heart of total quality might is this customer supplies interface where the internal and external lies with many process. Their foundations of Total Quality management surround the core of customer supplier, which are commitment to provide quality. Communication of the messages within and outside the foundation and lastly the culture of the organisations in creating total quality and these foundations are back supported by key roles of people, process and systems in any organisation. Quality as a whole bundle consisting of performance, appearance, delivery, reliability, availability, maintainability, price and cost effective. As we compare the definition of quality with quality achieved by an author in Mystery Shop analysis, performance was not satisfactory so do price, appearance was also not so very fine but others were found to be somewhat satisfactory. Bad practices: Bad practices could be recognised in most of organisations and also was seen in the mystery shop analysis. * Managers not giving clear direction * Each department working only for itself * Confusing quality with grade When customers get bad impression they are least likely to choose the same service in the future since they have Varity of choices. So if staff members of service providers did not respond in good behaviour they will definitely loose their valuable customers. 2.f Recommendations for Improvement: * Consider the employee Reward System Large number of the staff are near the age of twenty to thirty so if they are rewarded then company will benefit with its service outcomes including benefits package which focus on medical, dental, and vision care, as well as the employee stock options. * Site does not have handicapped accessibility Condition of restroom was satisfactory but had no baby changing area * Prompt staff meeting * Training to the staffs * Changing method of selection Action Plan For Improvement: * Focus on hiring older employees more appropriate with the high interest to work. * Develop and maintain a reward system for staffs * Develop a system of regular staff meetings * Improve site accessibility and cleanliness * Upgrade front door and restrooms for handicapped accessibility * Add a baby changing station * Enhance Starbucks wide or big atmosphere 2.g Conclusion: Customers are always right seems to be the final conclusion of the mystery shop analysis. Customers are free to choose services anywhere so they want to be cared by the service provider. This could be possible only if the services provider follows customer care quality standards keeping in mind that customers are always behaved properly from the time they enter to the shop. While answering, greeting providing services within time scales, welcome any complains or suggestion. The analysis of mystery shop comes up with the conclusion of unsatisfied the level of satisfaction. There must be good coronation of mangers and staff members. 3. References Heizer R, Barry; H, Jay H, 1999, Operations Management, Fifth Edition, Prentice Hall Inc, USA. Business Link, 2009, Quality management standards [online]. Available from http://www.businesslink.gov.uk/bdotg/action/layer?r.s=slr.lc=entopicId=1074431977 [24 November, 2009] De La Salle University, 2009, Total Quality Management [online]. Available from http://www.dlsu.edu.ph/library/pathfinder/business/tqm.asp [25 November, 2009] Starbucks UK Corporate site, 2009, Homepage [online]. Available from www.starbucks.co.uk/en-GB/ [25 November, 2009]

Free Cuba Essay -- Cuban History Historical Essays

Free Cuba I. Introduction: Cuban history, like many other countries in Latin America and the Caribbean which have experienced colonial subjugation and imperial interference, is highlighted by tumultuous rebellions. Ever since the revolt of Carlos Manuel de Cespedes in 1868, who took up arms with his slaves to liberate Cuba from Spain’s colonial grasp, the existence of insurrectionists and adamant government opposition in Cuba has flourished. Social revolution and a strong will and practice of nationalism has indelibly characterized Cuban history. Nevertheless, the outcomes of particular movements and struggles for social justice have consistently frustrated revolutionary and radical leaders. Government regimes throughout history have in some manner or fashion, whether by force or by will, degenerated popular radical aspirations. For example, it was the North American intervention in 1898, during the second Cuban war for independence that opposed the popular will to establish an independent s overeign nation. Moreover, corrupt military regimes headed by opportunists such as Machado and Batista have also tainted and disregarded popular aspirations for national affirmation, human dignity, and democratic order 1. Consequently, Cuban history has proven that aspirations for social reform and a democratic republic have consistently gone arie. It is within this historical context of failed national ambitions and aspirations that Fidel Castro defines La Revolucion. Fidel Castro, in his program manifesto of the 26th of July movement, described the M-26-7 movement as a revolution "resolved to take up the unfulfilled ideals of the Cuban nation and to realize them 2." Castro’s dream of achieving Cuba’s "unfulf... ...I- cite taken from page 38. 7.) ibid (6) 8.) ibid (6) 9.) 26th of July Movement, "Program manifesto of the 26th of July Movement," in Cuba in Revolution, ed.R. Bonachea and Nelson Valdes. (Garden City, NJ, 1972) 113-140. 10.) ibid (9) 11.) ibid (9) 12.) Fidel Castro, "History Will Absolve Me." Closing speech in trial for the 1953 Moncada attack. Excerpt taken from: The United States, Cuba, and the Cold War American Failure or Communist Conspiracy? Ed. L. Langley ( Lexington, Mass, 1970). 13.) Ernesto "Che" Guevara, "One Year of Armed Struggle," in Guevara, Reminiscences of the Cuban Revolutionary War. Trans. Victoria Ortiz. (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1968) pp.196-227. 14.) Perez-Stable, Marifeli. The Cuban Revolution: Origins, Course, Legacy. (New York, 1993), "Introduction" and chapters I & II. Free Cuba Essay -- Cuban History Historical Essays Free Cuba I. Introduction: Cuban history, like many other countries in Latin America and the Caribbean which have experienced colonial subjugation and imperial interference, is highlighted by tumultuous rebellions. Ever since the revolt of Carlos Manuel de Cespedes in 1868, who took up arms with his slaves to liberate Cuba from Spain’s colonial grasp, the existence of insurrectionists and adamant government opposition in Cuba has flourished. Social revolution and a strong will and practice of nationalism has indelibly characterized Cuban history. Nevertheless, the outcomes of particular movements and struggles for social justice have consistently frustrated revolutionary and radical leaders. Government regimes throughout history have in some manner or fashion, whether by force or by will, degenerated popular radical aspirations. For example, it was the North American intervention in 1898, during the second Cuban war for independence that opposed the popular will to establish an independent s overeign nation. Moreover, corrupt military regimes headed by opportunists such as Machado and Batista have also tainted and disregarded popular aspirations for national affirmation, human dignity, and democratic order 1. Consequently, Cuban history has proven that aspirations for social reform and a democratic republic have consistently gone arie. It is within this historical context of failed national ambitions and aspirations that Fidel Castro defines La Revolucion. Fidel Castro, in his program manifesto of the 26th of July movement, described the M-26-7 movement as a revolution "resolved to take up the unfulfilled ideals of the Cuban nation and to realize them 2." Castro’s dream of achieving Cuba’s "unfulf... ...I- cite taken from page 38. 7.) ibid (6) 8.) ibid (6) 9.) 26th of July Movement, "Program manifesto of the 26th of July Movement," in Cuba in Revolution, ed.R. Bonachea and Nelson Valdes. (Garden City, NJ, 1972) 113-140. 10.) ibid (9) 11.) ibid (9) 12.) Fidel Castro, "History Will Absolve Me." Closing speech in trial for the 1953 Moncada attack. Excerpt taken from: The United States, Cuba, and the Cold War American Failure or Communist Conspiracy? Ed. L. Langley ( Lexington, Mass, 1970). 13.) Ernesto "Che" Guevara, "One Year of Armed Struggle," in Guevara, Reminiscences of the Cuban Revolutionary War. Trans. Victoria Ortiz. (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1968) pp.196-227. 14.) Perez-Stable, Marifeli. The Cuban Revolution: Origins, Course, Legacy. (New York, 1993), "Introduction" and chapters I & II.

Twelfth Night Coursework Assignment

5. â€Å"Conceal what I am† Explore the theme of disguise and deception in â€Å"Twelfth Night† William Shakespeare's ‘Twelfth Night' is based around disguise in the form of deception. In ‘Twelfth Night', disguise takes many different shapes from physical to mental disguise. One of the major themes of ‘Twelfth Night' is also misperception and deception. Yet, paradoxically along the way there are many problems, deceptions and illusions, providing a comment on human behaviour and creating comedy. In ‘Twelfth Night', Shakespeare explores and illustrates the theme of deception and disguise with precise detail. In ‘Twelfth Night', it is evident that the fluctuation in attitude to the dual role and situation and tribulations imposed upon the character of Viola ends up in a better understanding of both sexes, and thus, allows Viola to have a better understanding for Orsino. â€Å"Stand you awhile aloof. Cesario, Thou know'st no less but all; I have unclasp'd To thee the book even of my secret soul.† Here it is apparent that after very little time Viola has won the trust of Orsino through her disguise and he seems to have decided that he can divulge more in Viola than in anyone else. She decides to take on this identity because she has more liberty in society in her Cesario mask, which is obvious when Orsino readily accepts her. Orsino confides in Cesario the most intimate feelings of his ‘secret soul' and grows accustomed to Cesario very quickly, whereas, in her female identity, it is clear that she would not enjoy such freedom. I also think this is significant, as Shakespeare is conveying the impression that because Viola has disguised herself as a ‘eunuch' she has more autonomy and less constraints; I think Shakespeare's underlying and implicit message is that sometimes it is beneficial for women to dress as men to achieve freedom; therefore assuming a disguise is necessary. The theme of deception is also evident immediately in the play. A supposedly ‘noble' Duke Orsino is suffering due to his unrequited ‘love' for the Lady Olivia. † If music be the food of love, play on, Give me excess of it, that, surfeiting, The appetite may sicken, and so die.† There is a touch of unreality and deception here about Orsino's distress, as if he unconsciously enjoying the situation he is in and so the audience is left to deduce whether or not Orsino is in self-deception. Shakespeare hints here that Orsino's love for Olivia is a hyperbolic, abstract love and one of self-indulgence as it is ‘high-fantastical' and so he encourages the audience to look more intimately and interpret Orsino's ‘spirit of love' as one of self-delusion. Orsino constantly reiterates how immense his ‘love' is for Olivia, but it is easily seen as empty rhetoric. He is infatuated with the notion of love, and himself as the great, contemporary lover rather like Romeo from Shakespeare's ‘Romeo and Juliet'. Deception plays a role here because it is clear Orsino's conception of himself is misplaced and so he is self-deceiving and also this highlights his egotistical nature. Shakespeare also uses iambic pentameter here and this defines Orsino's character to a certain degree. Iambic pentameter shows control and yet the emphasis here is on the instability and the intensity of his love for Olivia. This leads us to believe he is ‘in love with the notion of being in love'. This oration by Orsino also tells us something about his character and mood: he is in love, but this does not bring him happiness, rather a profound melancholy. His speech then turns to images of disease and death and it is excessively evident here that Orsino is misleading himself. ‘Excess†¦surfeiting†¦sicken†¦die†¦dying' Orsino, here, has dramatised his passion and love for Olivia so much that he thinks he will die if she does not love him. It is clear he is deceiving himself and his situation can be interpreted as him being preoccupied with the sensation of love itself, feeding his emotions with music and elaborate poetic imagery. Shakespeare conveys Orsino's ‘love-thoughts' emotions for Olivia as passive, self-regarding and melancholic and Orsino as unrepresentative of his veritable feelings. Shakespeare invites the audience to interpret Orsino's ‘love-thoughts', which ‘pursue' him as artificial ones because of the way Orsino is portrayed. â€Å"Be not amaz'd; right noble is his blood. If this be so, as yet the glass seems true, I shall have share in this most happy wreck.† Orsino here demonstrates a rapid detachment from Olivia and instead switches his attentions to Viola. This extremely quick change of ‘love' from Olivia to Viola confirms his superficiality and self-deceit. The theme of disguise and deception is again present in the next scene where Olivia is in passionate mourning for her brother who ‘shortly died'. However, it is also clear that Olivia herself is in self-deceit. Her way of mourning involves her hiding behind a veil or disguising herself from the truth and refusing male company which is illustrated when she says like a ‘cloistress' she will ‘veiled walk' around with ‘eye-offending brine'. The mourning over her brother's death is very dramatic, but she just lives the idea of mourning as she feels that this would do the death of her brother justice. She attempts to disguise all this under a veil, but to no triumph as her genuine personality shone through. Olivia as part of her mourning vowed that no man would see her face â€Å"till seven years' heat†. But regardless of this, falls in love with Cesario which shows that her resolution is short-lived and the audience is left to question her sincerity. â€Å"Unless, perchance, you come to me again To tell me how he takes it†. Olivia is disguising her flirtatiousness towards Cesario by pretending that she only wants him to come back to bear news of Orsino's reaction to her rejection. To further disguise her feelings, and deceive Malvolio, she tells a blatant lie to him, pretending Cesario left a ‘ring behind him'. â€Å"She returns this ring to you, sir; you might have saved Me my pains, to have taken it away yourself.† Olivia uses deception to further her cause with Cesario and it is made inherent to him that she has fallen in love with his outward, disguised appearance. Also deception features here as, ironically, Olivia's advance is just as deceitful as Viola's mere presence. It is clear to the audience that Olivia is deluding herself that she will be in deep mourning for her brother for ‘seven years'. Her first appearance, which ends with her falling for the disguised Viola, shows the shallowness of her real feelings of anguish. When Olivia, who is taken in by Cesario's ‘youth's perfections', falls in love with Cesario she instantaneously forgets about mourning. Olivia's elaborate, grief-stricken gestures towards her dead brother are examples of dramatised and overly exaggerated displays of emotion. Her grief may well be genuine but her extravagant vow to mourn him for ‘seven years', sprinkling her chamber with tears and wearing a veil are quite simply empty gestures. On closer inspection one can also infer that Olivia is perhaps using her brothers death to conceal her aspirations for Cesario to remain close to her. â€Å"I bade you never speak again of him; But, would you undertake another suit, I had rather hear you than solicit that Than music from the spheres.† It is made explicit to Cesario that she wants to be courted by him, which is comical to the audience as they know about Cesario's masquerade, and this is another example of the way Cesario deceives through disguise. Olivia has just lost her family, but her display of sorrow is very theatrical and self-deluding and seems to be full of barren gestures which say nothing about her true grief but merely disguise her true feelings and serve to self-deceive. Another character that is guilty of self-deception is Olivia's servant Malvolio. A scene, which prepares us for dramatic irony, is when Maria writes the letter to Malvolio, under the pretence that it is from Olivia. As the audience is aware of this deception it sets up the dramatic irony, because Malvolio himself is not aware of it when he finds and reads the letter. Malvolio in his conceited role presents the possibilities of a very bland and critical existence, however when drugged with the mere possibilities of conceit, believing himself superior to others, he becomes the most absurd of all the characters and he reveals to us his disguised feelings. â€Å"Go, hang yourselves all! You are idle shallow things; I am not of your element; you shall know more hereafter.† Malvolio has extreme ambitions and aspirations to advance in social class by marrying Olivia which the audience can clearly interpret as self-delusional. Maria's letter is only able to convince him that Olivia loves him because that is what he wants to believe. When the letter tells him to act proud and haughty, it only gives him permission to show how he already feels, as it appeals to his vanity. This trick would not have worked if the letter had not been disguised as Olivia's, however, it is also important to include that Malvolio's disguised feelings and self-deception convince him of its authenticity. It is his capacity for self-deception and it is really Malvolio's ‘self-love' which makes him easy to trick. Malvolio is also in disguise in the class system. He dresses in black and never laughs. â€Å"My masters, are you mad? Or what are you? Have you no wit, manners or honesty,† This however, is merely a disguise that he assumes, that allows him to criticize others. Under this disguise Malvolio is full of self-importance he is also self-absorbed and extremely vain. He conceals his ‘puritan' personality during this ‘gulling' episode and puts on ‘yellow stockings' and behaves uncharacteristically boldly. When he is on his own he reveals he often daydreams of ruling a thrifty and solemn household while he plays with ‘some rich jewel', and that Olivia will marry him and as a result he will become ‘Count Malvolio' her equal. This shows his embedded self-deception. It is also ironic that Malvolio is more successful at fooling himself than he is at deceiving others. Malvolio is sure that some accident of luck has caused a man as fine as him to be born a servant rather than a master and that fortune will eventually correct that mistake. â€Å"all that look on him love him.† This reveals his arrogant nature and the fact that he is self-deceiving. Self-love is evident in many characters of the play, however, Malvolio's self-love combined with his instinct for social climbing makes it more obtrusive. To conclude, Malvolio is self-deceived before he is deceived. Shakespeare makes this clear by exhibiting Malvolio's vain glory just before he finds the forged letter: ‘To be Count Malvolio!'. The physical disguise in ‘Twelfth Night' brings to light those who have mental illusions as to who they are. Malvolio for example considers himself to be respected and is the first person to call other characters a ‘fool' when in fact the audience think of him as a fool. Deception and disguise also play a major role in the characters of Maria, Sir Toby and Sir Andrew. Sir Toby often persuades Andrew to give him money or buy him drinks in return for allowing him access to Olivia, in order to court/woo her. â€Å"Send for money, knight; if thou hast her not i' th' end, call me Cut.† Andrew does not realise that Sir Toby is fooling him and using him to pay for his entertainment and so deception plays a part here because Sir Toby is deliberately deceiving and deluding Sir Andrew to exploit him. It can also be argued that Sir Andrew is self-deceiving because he actually thinks that the rouge Sir Toby is his genuine friend, however, it is clear to the audience that his friendship with Sir Toby is feigned. However, it is also clear that if Sir Toby did not encourage and prompt him, he would never have aspired. ‘No faith, I'll not stay a jot longer.' This is important because it shows that although Sir Andrew is deceived, and foolish, he is not self-deceived. This also proves that although he is foolish enough to dream of Olivia's hand, he is scarcely hopeful which shows that, unlike Malvolio, he has a greater sense of reality and does not delude himself or disguise that he knows Olivia does not love him. Another form of disguise, Shakespeare's use of masks in the play, also contributes much to the disguise and deception in the play. These masks put characters in a form of ‘darkness of night,' allowing them to become someone else. Shakespeare uses masking imagery throughout the play. The perfect example of this can be seen in Feste the jester. Feste demonstrates masking imagery when he disguises himself as ‘Sir Topas' and is sent to judge Malvolio's state of mind. â€Å"Sir Topas, never was man thus wronged. Good Sir Topas, do not think I am mad: they have laid me Here in hideous darkness.† By adopting this disguise, Feste is able to expose Malvolio's self-conceit and other faults and therefore he successfully reveals Malvolio's hidden feelings by disguising himself. Also Feste, in the guise of the Fool, comes out with wise and intellectual comments contrary to his role. Although characters wear masks, their true identities are always revealed. I interpret this as Shakespeare alluding to the fact that all disguises can be exposed. This statement is reinforced when Feste says: ‘Eyes show the days'. Feste is able to penetrate all the masks of the others, and he succeeds in concealing his own which makes him a master and professional of disguise. Feste is an ‘allowed fool' a professional jester who has to be quick witted and clever to make jokes and puns. He is not expected to be idiotic or simple-minded. Viola, in her disguise as Cesario, is able to talk to her lover in a way that she could not do as a woman; she takes advantage of this situation and schools Orsino on the realities of love. â€Å"She never told her love,†¦.. Feed on her damask cheek.† Here Viola counters Orsino's narcissism with her own sad story of concealed love. Shakespeare accentuates Orsino's exaggerated, excessive idea of love, by showing alongside it the genuine love felt by Viola and therefore Orsino's speech is undermined, as what he said is ironic. So, although Viola is disguising her feelings for Orsino, she does not deceive him and unreservedly hints that she has suppressed feelings for him. Sebastian's relationship with Antonio is one of disguise because Antonio implicitly reveals his ‘love' for Sebastian but deceives him and perhaps self-deceives as being just friendship, as one can conjecture that he is gay. â€Å"If you will not murder me for your love, let me be your servant†. This suggests that Antonio has repressed homosexual feelings for Sebastian that he disguises by pretending to only be his close friend. The play abounds in references to these different forms of disguise, to the gap between what appears to be true and what really is. Viola calls disguise a ‘wickedness/Wherein the pregnant enemy does much' when she realises that Olivia has fallen in love with her persona as Cesario. In the play's moral scheme disguise or self-deception creates frustration and confusion. Antonio, for example, regrets the ‘devotion', which Sebastian's handsome features had inspired in him. Word- play is also a form of disguise and the numerous puns in the play reflect this theme on a linguistic level. The dramatic convention of disguise produces ambiguities of meaning and emotion throughout the play. So, to conclude, I would argue that in ‘Twelfth Night' every character conceals and deceives, however, without doubt Viola's concealment of her physical shape as a woman, and emotions for Orsino is essential to the plot and creates the comedy and confusion.

Articles of confederation.

Articles of confederation. ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATIONThe Articles of Confederation provided for the basic structure of American government from 1781. The articles bound states together, but this tie was so weak that central government was impossible. A national government should have the ability to enforce its authority, have a clear description of where the governing powers lie, a delineated leadership, and disposition of economic and foreign affairs. The Articles themselves were drafted at the beginning of the war, but all 13 states had to sign before they could be ratified.In July 1775, Benjamin Franklin presented Congress with the first written plan for a new national government, the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union. Other plans also were introduced the following year, but it was not until June 11, 1776 that the Continental Congress appointed one committee to draft the Declaration of Independence and a second committee, composed of one delegate from each colony, to prepare a plan of confederati on.The Articles of Conferderation, ratified in 1781. ...A month later, the latter committee presented Congress with a draft constitution known as the Articles of Confederation. The committees constitution assigned broad powers to the new national government, including the authority to tax, to determine state boundaries, and to dispose of all other unsettled Lands for the general Benefit. The draft document also placed restrictions upon the authority of the states, divided national expenses proportionally among the states according to state population, and most contentiously granted each state delegation a single vote within a unicameral national Congress.Despite general agreement for the Declaration of Independence and a widespread recognition of the need to provision the military resistance against Great Britain, there was no immediate constitutional consensus concerning the terms of a new national government. Rather, during the next year and a half, state delegates discussed, deba ted and periodically attempted to amend...

Free Essays on How Do We Find God

How Do We Find God? Or Do We â€Å"Our discovery of God is, in a way, God’s discovery of us. We cannot go to heaven to find him because we have no way of knowing where heaven is or what it is. He comes down from heaven and finds us.† Thomas Merton from Experiencing God By Dennis Billy, C. SS. R This poem tells us the most important thing about God, that he finds us when it is our time. No one can try to go and find heaven, they never will. We need God to come down and take us to heaven; he needs to show us the way. When I read this poem, it made me really think. Over the summer, I had to go to two funerals that were for very different reasons. The first one was for my Aunt who was very young and diagnosed not even a year ago with cancer. She was suffering and needed to find heaven very badly, but God let her hold on until my cousin, her daughter, graduated from High School. Finally it was her time to â€Å"meet God†; he came down and took her away ending her suffering. The second funeral was for my Grandfather’s nephew, Tony. God didn’t want him to be taken away, but Cousin Tony took it upon himself to meet with God. Tony decided that he was suffering too much and needed to see God to resolve all his problems. I know in the Catholic Religion suicide is regarded as a sin, but I know that my Cousin Tony didn’t mean to sin. He just needed a way to escape all of his â€Å"problems† and be with God in his time of need. Going through what I went through this summer made me realize that when it is your time to go, God will come and get you and that you shouldn’t take it upon yourself. The only way you will get to heaven is if you have someone guiding you and only God can be the one to guide you, he is the only one that knows the way.... Free Essays on How Do We Find God Free Essays on How Do We Find God How Do We Find God? Or Do We â€Å"Our discovery of God is, in a way, God’s discovery of us. We cannot go to heaven to find him because we have no way of knowing where heaven is or what it is. He comes down from heaven and finds us.† Thomas Merton from Experiencing God By Dennis Billy, C. SS. R This poem tells us the most important thing about God, that he finds us when it is our time. No one can try to go and find heaven, they never will. We need God to come down and take us to heaven; he needs to show us the way. When I read this poem, it made me really think. Over the summer, I had to go to two funerals that were for very different reasons. The first one was for my Aunt who was very young and diagnosed not even a year ago with cancer. She was suffering and needed to find heaven very badly, but God let her hold on until my cousin, her daughter, graduated from High School. Finally it was her time to â€Å"meet God†; he came down and took her away ending her suffering. The second funeral was for my Grandfather’s nephew, Tony. God didn’t want him to be taken away, but Cousin Tony took it upon himself to meet with God. Tony decided that he was suffering too much and needed to see God to resolve all his problems. I know in the Catholic Religion suicide is regarded as a sin, but I know that my Cousin Tony didn’t mean to sin. He just needed a way to escape all of his â€Å"problems† and be with God in his time of need. Going through what I went through this summer made me realize that when it is your time to go, God will come and get you and that you shouldn’t take it upon yourself. The only way you will get to heaven is if you have someone guiding you and only God can be the one to guide you, he is the only one that knows the way....

Energy saver Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Energy saver - Research Paper Example Literature Review During the 2008 presidential election campaign green energy became an important issue as never before in presidential elections. Both the candidates strongly supported an economy which gave strong support for green energy over fossil energy. The difference lay in that John McCain favored the use of market-based approaches towards this objective Obama emphasized the use of governmental initiatives. (2). Thus progress towards greater use of green energy under the Obama administration would depend on the governmental initiatives put in place and the support levels and success of these initiatives. On Inauguration Day the keenness of the Obama administration can be seen in these words of the White House, â€Å"the energy challenges our country faces are seve3re and have gone unaddressed for a long time. Our addiction to foreign oil doesn’t just undermine our national security and wreak havoc on our environment – it cripples our economy and strains the bud gets of working families all across America. President Obama and Vice President Biden have a comprehensive plan to invest in alternative and renewable energy, and end our addiction to foreign oil, address the global climate crisis and create millions of new jobs. (3, p.64). Words were translated into action by the Obama administration. ... (4). Towards this end the EPA was asked to look into California’s long standing request to set strict tailpipe emissions to restrict the greenhouse gas emissions. In addition, the Department of Transport to develop the regulations to enable the implementation of a 2007 law that required elevated fuel efficiency benchmarks for automobiles and light commercial vehicles by the year 2020. (3). Within the first month of assuming office the Obama administration got the economic stimulus bill passed by Congress. The bill though targeting the severe recession faced by the country, contained several important provisions towards the green energy and environment initiatives. $45 billion within the historic $787 billion bill was meant for energy efficiency, alternate energy programs ad tax breaks towards the use of green energy. $20 billion was set aside for the development of renewable energy power, while $18 billion was meant for environmental projects, and $2 billion towards R&D for ca rbon capture and storage. Tax cuts of up to $7,500 were also provided for those purchasing plug-in hybrid cars. (3). While these initial successes may point to the Obama administration succeeding in its drive towards growing dependence on green energy and lowering dependence on imported oil, the going has become tough, because of the bi-partisan politics involved in it. The Republican party as demonstrated by the John McCain is more oriented to market corrections to lead the way in energy dependence (2). This means that there will hardly any support from the party towards the policy and actions of the Obama administration for increasing use of green energy through government action. This will

Information systems for managers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Information systems for managers - Essay Example Web view source is the HTML code behind a web page. An example is business web pages. Managers should become acquainted with web source because they will better be able to escape the web chaos that results with spams, Trojans and phishing, leading to a better understanding of competitors. They will better be able to cope with simple problems related to web design and functioning. Technology is the use of scientific or technical methods of solving a problem (Solomon). Technology has equipped us with virtual means of communicating with the world. All e-business is carried out through the internet, and technological means are used around the globe to make agreements, sign pacts, buy and sell goods and services, and make financial transactions. Managers must know the use of technology to escape the web chaos that results with no knowledge about technology (Berkun). In my experience, managers must be acquainted with programming, web source and technology because without the basic knowledge of these, they will lag behind in the ever changing business world. Also, managers with technological competencies are in great demand because they are better able to deal with problems like Y2K and virus

Has the emergence of social enterprise provided an alternative to Literature review

Has the emergence of social enterprise provided an alternative to local governments role of providing social well-being - Literature review Example dings of private conversations within the community of social enterprises and discussion of their role within the society, which might undermine the role and need for a local government enterprise in some areas as well. The literature is organised in a manner to facilitate a step-wise understanding of the role of social enterprise in relation to that of the government in provision of social well-being. The paper begins with exploration of the origin of a social enterprise and then putting forth an argument that states that social enterprises can work without much intervention from the government. The review then organises itself for identifying the role of social enterprises and local government in these societal existence and explores various categories that gather instances to depict how social enterprises and the local government act as complements and supplements. It then goes on to discuss why social enterprises can replace local government’s role and concludes in highlighting the similar view. The resource dependency theory states that there exist exchange relationships between firms and their external environment. To make sure that such firms survive long, social enterprises source resources that are the key to attain objectives. The resource dependency theory is relevant in the context of a social enterprise because the board member want to sources resources from all possible places beyond the social economy. Companies tend to rely on scare financial resources and therefore devise strategies to recruit directors who have the ability to influence the world with a view to get the desired resources. The stewardship theory states that corporate governance and the board can influence the behaviour of other people within the organization by performing the role of an advisor and strategy maker. The manager here plays the role of a steward rather than a profit seeker. In case of social enterprises, the stewardship theory is being extensively used because of

Dehydration of Alcohols Essay Example for Free

Dehydration of Alcohols Essay Abstract The dehydration of cyclohexanol to cyclohexene can be done through fractional distillation. Once the fraction has been collected it must then be dried. The dried distillate is finally tested to determine whether or not it has been dehydrated. The three tests used were infrared spectroscopy, Bromine chemical test and Bayer’s chemical test. The infrared spectroscopy showed a large narrow peak at 3062. 12(cm-1) and 3020. 71(cm-1) which indicates that there is a double bond present. To assure the results were correct the chemical tests were done. The Bromine test was found to be positive for cyclohexene. The OH group was removed from the cyclohexanol and replaced with a double bond found around 3062. 12(cm-1) and 3020. 71(cm-1) and the dehydration was successful. Introduction Fractional distillation can be used when trying to dehydrate alcohols. Dehydrating an alcohol consists of taking away an OH group. Fractional distillation separates the initial compound into separate compounds; depending on what their boiling point is. Cyclohexanol can be dehydrated to form cyclohexene. Infrared spectroscopy is used to analyze a compound and can give a breakdown of what chemicals the original mixture is composed of. An example of this is the long broad peak around 3200 (cm-1) which signifies an OH group in the compound. This technique is very useful to help determine what a compound is made of and it can also be used with NMR to give a chemical structure. Since infrared spectroscopy can be used to analyze a compound it can also be used to verify that you have the correct compound. Another way to do this is to use a chemical test. There are multiple chemical tests that can be used, one of them being the bromine test. A bromine test is used to verify whether an OH group is present or not. Another test is used with KMNO4 to test whether and alkene is present or not. Using both chemical tests and infrared spectroscopy to analyze the substance it will be clear if fractional distillation and the drying agent were able to work together in the process of dehydrating the alcohol. Materials and Methods For this experiment, 5. 0-mL of cyclohexanol were weighed and placed in a 25-mL recovery flask. A magnetic stir bar was added to the flask. 2. 5-mL of 9 M sulfuric acid was added to the same flask and mixture was swirled. The fractional distillation apparatus was set up with steel wool in the column. A 10-mL receiving flask was placed in an ice-water bath. Fractional distillation was started making sure to maintain the head temperature between 80 and 85Â °C, making sure it did not go over 90Â °C. Heating was stopped once the mixture turned dark brown and a deep green condensate formed. Distillate was then collected and transferred to a 25-mL Erlenmeyer flask. Anhydrous potassium carbonate was added with a spatula to the 25-mL Erlenmeyer flask. Flask was swirled occasionally for about 15 min while adding more anhydrous potassium carbonate until liquid no longer looked cloudy. The mixture left that was not distilled was neutralized by adding bicarbonate to the solution, slowly, until foam stops forming. Dried liquid was then transferred with a Pasteur pipet into a 10-mL recovery flask containing a stir bar for simple distillation. Another 10-mL recovery flask was used as the receiver and a calcium chloride drying tube was connected with a vacuum adaptor. The more pure compound was collected by maintaining heat from 80 to 85Â °C, making sure it did not go over 90Â °C. Distillate was weighed and percent yield of cyclohexene was determined. An infrared spectroscopy was run on the distillate by taking a drop of distillate and putting it in between two salt plates. Closed the salt plates with metal holders and then put it into the infrared spectroscopy machine. First an infrared spectroscopy was run on the cyclohexanol. Then an infrared spectroscopy was run on the cyclohexene. The Bromine chemical test was run by adding 2 drops of distillate to a test tube. 0. 1 M of bromine in dichloromethane was added to the same test tube. Then added drops of dichloromethane until color appeared if color disappeared the test would have been positive. If the color did not go away the test would have been negative. Finally a Bayer test was run by adding 2-mL of 95% ethanol to a test tube. Two drops of distillate were added to the test tube. Then KMnO4 was added drop wise until color persisted. Results Table 1. Mass of starting solution, sulfuric acid, and ending product formed. Solution| Mass (g)| Cyclohexanol| 4. 512| Sulfuric Acid| 3. 384| Cyclohexene| 1. 217| Table 2. Chemical tests done to determine whether or not the product was cyclohexene. Result seen by changes in color. Type of Test| Color of Starting Reactant| Color of Reactant plus Product| Bromine| Bromine was red| Mixture went from red to clear | Baeyer| KMnO4 was purple| Mixture went from purple to dark brown | Table 3. Infrared spectroscopy peak values representing different structures found for cyclohexanol and cyclohexene. Solution| Alcohol| Single Bonds (sp3 C-H)| Double Bonds(sp2 C=C)| Ring Structure| Cyclohexanol| Peak 13339. 25 cm-1| Peak 2-32930. 94cm-1, 2854. 63cm-1| N/A| Peak 51450. 92cm-1| Cyclohexene| N/A| Peak 8 and 112923. 83cm-1, 2658. 55cm-1| Peak 6-73062. 12cm-1, 3020. 71cm-1| Peak 281438. 15cm-1| The original weight of the cyclohexanol added was 4. 512 g. The original weight of cyclohexanol with sulfuric acid was 7. 896 g. The original weight of the sulfuric acid alone was 3. 384 g. The weight for the product, assumed to be cyclohexene, was 1. 217 g. The percent yield for cyclohexene was calculated to be 26. 97%. Cyclohexanol was distilled fractionally to produce 4-mL of cyclohexene at 88? C. The original cyclohexanol was put through infrared spectroscopy and was found to have a large broad band at 3339. 25(cm-1) indicating the presence of an OH group, large narrow bands at 2930. 94(cm-1) and 2854. 63(cm-1) indicating single bonds between carbon and hydrogen, and a large narrow band at 1450. 92(cm-1) indicating a ring. The cyclohexene was put through infrared spectroscopy which showed that there was no OH group now. This time there was a double bond between carbons at 3062. 12(cm-1) and 3020. 71(cm-1), single bonds between hydrogen and carbon at 2923. 83(cm-1) and at 2658. 55(cm-1), and a ring at 1438. 15(cm-1). The bromine chemical test gave a positive result for cyclohexene after one drop of dichloromethane was added, which changed the liquid from a red color to a clear color. The Bayer test made the substance stay purple after 1 drop showing it was negative for an alkene. Doing the bromine chemical test and the Bayer test on cyclohexanol gave negative results for both. Discussion The fractional distillation was used to dehydrate cyclohexanol collected fraction allowed it to be separated and then was dried. Only 4-mL of cyclohexene was collected from the distillation. Infrared spectroscopy was then used to determine whether the substance retrieved from the distillation was dehydrated and had turned to cyclohexene. Looking at the infrared spectroscopy of the distilled substance there was no broad peak which signifies that there is not an OH in the substance anymore and the substance is not cyclohexanol anymore. To make sure the substance was cyclohexene two different chemical tests were given. The bromine test had a positive result after 1 drop. The Bayer test had a negative result after one drop was added. There was a discrepancy between the two tests but by viewing the IR we can conclude that the substance was no longer cyclohexanol. This could be attributed to error such as the cyclohexanol not being distilled correctly, leaving impurities. The fractions may have been heated too quickly and the fractions may have mixed. There may not have been enough drying agent added to the mixture. Some future possible changes to the experiment would be to have more time to not feel rushed. This way it would be easier to heat more slowly and make sure that everything is clean leaving little to no impurities.